3. Acalypha indica (or) Indian Acalypha:

1. Acalypha indica (or) Indian Acalypha:

It is a species of plant in Acalypha genus (which having 456 species) in Euphorbiaceae family.

1.1. Plant Photo Pose(s):

1.2. Brows pages on:

         (1).       Systematic & common name(s)

         (2).       Local types of the plant

         (3).       Scientific classification

         (4).       Plant photo-gallery

         (5).       Plant description(s) &  morphological form(s)

         (6).       Chromosome number

         (7).       Phyto-chemistry

         (8).       Traditional applications

         (9).       Medicinal applications

         (10).     List of species

1.2.1. Systematic & Common Name(s)

Indian acalypha	Acalypha indica		L.	1753
Binomial name		Common name(s)	Tamil name(s)	(in English)
Acalypha indica	1	Indian acalypha	குப்பைமேனி	Kuppaimaeni
	2	Indian mercury	பூனை வணங்கி	Poonai vanangi
	3	Indian copper-leaf	பூனை மயக்கி	Poonai mayakki
	4	Indian nettle
(Synonyms Link)	5	Three-seeded mercury

1.2.2. Local Types of the Plant:

Sl. No.	Local types	Botanical name		Othernames	(in English)
1.	Kuppaimaeni
		Acalypha indica	1	குப்பைமேனி	Kuppaimaeni
			2	பூனை வணங்கி	Poonai vanangi
			3	பூனை மயக்கி	Poonai mayakki
2.	Seemaimaeni
		Acalypha ciliata	1	சிப்பிமேனி	Sippimaeni
			2
			3
3.	Narimaeni			(in English)	(meaning)
		Acalypha indica	1	நரிமேனி	Narimaeni
			2
			3

1.2.3. Scientific Classification:

	Indian acalypha	Acalypha indica		L.	1753
Sl.	Categories			Sub-categories
1.	Empire (or Domain):	Eukaryote		Sub-empire (or Sub-domain):	---
2.	Kingdom:	Plantae		Sub-kingdom:	---
3.	Division (or Phylum):	Tracheophyta		Sub-division (or Sub-phylum):	---
4.	Class:	Magnoliopsida		Sub-class:	---
5.	Order:	Malpighiales		Sub-order:	---
6.	Family:	Euphorbiaceae		Sub-family:	Acalyphoideae
*	Tribe:	Acalypheae		Sub-tribe:	Acalyphinae
7.	Genus:	Acalypha		Sub-genus:	---
*	Section:	---		Sub-section:	---
8.	Species:	indica		Sub-species:	---
*	Binomial name:	Acalypha indica

1.2.4. Plant Photo-gallery:

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1.2.5. Plant Description(s) & Morphological Form(s):

Acalypha indica is an erect, annual, herbaceous plant. It has single leaves with petiolate shape and entire margin. It is grown with tap root and the leaves are appeared as grayish green, green or sandal-yellow and green mixed colour with ovulate or rhobic ovulate shape and crenate-serrate margin. It blooms with pink flowers. The flowering buds were formed over the immature unripe-fruits.

Sl. No.	Specifications		Ref.
1.	Plant type	Herb	1
2.	Growth habit	Erect	1
3.	Life time	Annual	1
4.	Root	Taproot	1
5.	Stem(s)	Woody	1
6.	Stem – Type	Cylinderical	1
7.	Stem – Color	Pale green→green	1
8.	Leaves	---	1
9.	Leaf – Type	Single	1
10.	Leaf – color	grayish green, green or sandal-yellow and green mixed colour	1
11.	Leaf – Arrangement	Spiral	1
12.	Leaf – Shape	Ovulate or rhombic-ovulate	1
13.	Leaf – Margin	Entire	1
14.	Leaf – height	30-70 cm      (0.3-0.7 m)	1
15.	Leaf – broad	2.5-7.5 cm    (0.25-0.75 m)	1
16.	Petiole – length		1
17.	Flowers		1
18.	Flower – Sexuality	Bi-sexual	1
19.	Flower – Buds position		1
20.	Flower –Size	2 mm	1
21.	Flower – Shape		1
22.	Flower – Color	White	1
23.	Flowers – in punch		1
24.	Fruits		1
25.	Fruit – size	3 cm x 1.5 cm	1
26.	Fruit – shape	Triplet	1
27.	Fruit – dimension		1
28.	Immatured unripe-fruits		1
29.	Matured unripe-fruits		1
30.	Ripe-fruits		1
31.	Dried ripe-fruits		1
32.	Seeds		1
33.	Seeds per fruit	3	1
34.	Seed – color	Flesh color or Brown color	1
35.	Seed – size	2 mm x 3 mm	1
36.	Seed – shape	Egg shaped	1

1.2.6. Chromosome number:

The chromosome number for Acalypha indica is observed is as follows:

Binomial name	Chromosome number
	2n	n	x
Acalypha indica	20, 28	10, 14	10

1.2.7. Phyto-chemistry (or Phyto-chemical Compounds):

Some of the phytochemical constituents of Indian acalypha (i.e., Acalypha indica) are:

1.         Alkaloids:

 1.1.     Pyranoquinolinone alkaloids:

  1.1.1. Flindersin  (1)

  1.1.2. Quinine  (2)

 1.2.     Cyanogen glycosides:  (3-10)

  1.2.1. Acalyphine  (3) √

  1.2.2. epi-Acalyphin  (4)

  1.2.3. nor-Acalyphin  (5)

  1.2.4. seco-Acalyphin  (6)

  1.2.5. epi-nor-Acalyphin  (7)

  1.2.6. Acalyphinamide  (8)

  1.2.7. epi-Acalyphinamide cycloside  (9)

  1.2.8. α,γ-Acalyphidone  (10)

2.         Flavonoides:         

 2.1.     Chrysin  (11)

 2.2.     Galangin  (12)

 2.3.     Hesperetin  (13)

 2.4.     Kaempferols (or) Kaempferol glycosides:  (14-17)

  2.4.1. Biorobin  (14) √

  2.4.2. Clitorin  (15) √

  2.4.3. Nicotiflorin  (16) √

  2.4.4. Mauritianin  (17) √

 2.5.     Naringenin (18) √

 2.6.     Quercetin  (19, 20)

  2.6.1. Rutin  (19) √

  2.6.2. Quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside  (20) √

3.         Tannins:

 3.1.     Acaindinin  (21) √

 3.2.     Acetonylgeraniin A  (22) √

 3.3.     Chebulagic acid  (23) √

 3.4.     Corilagin  (24) √

 3.5.     Euphormisin M₂  (25) √

 3.6.     Geraniin  (26) √

 3.7.     Potassium brevifolin carboxylate  (27) √

 3.8.     Repandusinic acid A  (28) √

 4.1.     1-O-Galloyl- β-glucose  (29) √

 4.2.     1,2,3,6-Tetra-D-galloyl-β-D-glucose  (30) √

4.         Terpinoids:

 4.1.     Monoterpinoides:

  4.1.1. Iridoid compounds

   4.1.1.1.   (4R,4aR,7S,7aR)-Isodihydroneptalactone  (31) √

   4.1.1.2.   (4R,4aR,7S,7aR)- Isoiridomyrmecin  (32) √

5.         Sterols:

 5.1.     Phytosterol:

  5.1.1. β-Sitosterol  (33)

  5.1.2. γ-Sitosterol  (34)

  5.1.3. β-Sitosterol acetate  (35)

  5.1.4. γ -Sitosterol acetate  (36)

  5.1.5. β-Sitosterol-β-D-glucoside  (37)

  5.1.6. β-Stigmasterol  (38)

7.         Other Organic Compounds:

 7.1.     Carboxylic acid derivatives:

  7.1.1. Amino- acid(s):

   7.1.1.1.         Cysteine  (39)

  7.1.2. (Substituted) Phenolic- acids & Derivatives:

   7.2.1.1.         Gallic acid  (40) √

   7.2.2.2.         Syringic acid  (41) √

   7.2.3.3.         Glucogallin  (42) √

  7.1.3. (Substituted) Diphenic- acid derivatives:

   7.3.1.1.         E-4,4',5,5',6,6'-Hexahydroxy-diphenic acid  (43)

  7.1.4. (Substituted) Cinnamic- acids:

   7.1.4.1.         Caffeic acid  (44) √

   7.1.4.2.         Ferulic acid  (45) √

  7.1.5. (Chiral) Polycyclic- acids:

   7.1.5.1.         Kaurenoic acid  (or) Kaur-16-en-18-oic acid  (46)

   7.1.5.2.         1-Ethynyl-16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid  (47)

 7.2.     Phenolic Compounds & Derivatives:

  7.1.    Phenolics:

   8.1.1.            Catechol  (48)

   8.1.2.            Ellagic acid  (49) √

   8.1.3.            2,4-bis(1,1-Dimethylethyl)phenol  (50)

  7.2.    Phenolic derivatives:

   8.2.1.            Tri-O-methylellagic acid  (51)

   8.2.2.            Findersin  (52)

   8.2.3.            Inositol methyl ether  (53)

 7.3.     Ketones & Quinones:

  7.1.    Unsaturated ketones:

   7.1.1.            (E)-3,8-Nonadien-2-one  (54)

  7.2.    Substituted Quinones:

   7.2.1.            Tectoquinone (or) 2-Methylanthraquinone  (55)

 7.4.     Simple- & Macro-molecular amides:

  7.1.    Macro-molecular amides:

   7.1.1.            Acalyphamide  (56)

   7.1.2.            Aurantiamide  (57)

  7.2.    Simple amides:

   7.2.1.            Succinimide  (58)

 7.5.     Heterocyclic compounds:

  7.5.1. Substituted Heterocyclic compounds:

   7.5.1.1.         N-Methyl-3-cyanopyridones  (59)

   7.5.1.2.         3,5-Didehydroproline  (60)

   7.5.1.3.         (t)-4-Ethyl-5-octyl-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxalane,  (61)

   7.5.1.4.         1-Ethenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione  (62)

   7.5.1.5.         3,3'-Methylene-bis(4-hydroxycoumarin)  (63)ok

   7.5.1.6.         4-Amino-3-methoxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine  (64)

   7.5.1.7.         Quebrachitol  (65)

   7.5.1.8.         Quinine  (66)

   7.5.1.9.         Resin  (67)

   7.5.1.10.       Triacetonamine  (68) √

 7.2.     Substituted Acid nitril:

   7.2.1.            3-(5-Diethylamino-1-methyl-3-pentynyloxy)propanonitril  (69)

  7.6.    Organo-derivatives & Inorganics:

  7.6.1. Substituted silane:

   7.6.1.1.         Trimethyl-[4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenoxy]silane  (70)

  7.6.2. Substituted cyclo-Trimethycone(s):

   7.6.2.1.         Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane  (71)

  7.6.3. Inorganics:

   7.6.3.1.         Hydrogen cyanide  (72)

1.2.8. Traditional Applications:

1. The crushed plant, crushed leaves mixed with salt or  a decoction of plant is used for skin parasites, scabies or other skin problems.

2. Root infusion or decoction is taken for asthma, and also clean the liver and kidneys.

3. The root decoction is also taken for intestinal worms and stomach ache.

4. The leaf sap is taken as an emetic.

5. The dry leaf powder is also used for maggot-infected wounds.

6. The plant is employed as the Siddha medicine.

7. The plant is also eaten as a green vegitable, but care should be needed when eating it, since it contains several alkaloids and hydrocyanic acid.

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1.2.9. Medicinal Applications:

It is used as:

1.      Purgative,

2.      Vermifuge,

3.      Expectorant,

4.      And Emetic.

5.      In india, the leaves are used as the traditional medicine for jaundice remedy.

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1.2.10. List of Species:

Sl.	Local types	Habit		Common name(s)	Tamil name(s)
1.	Acalypha ciliate
	L. 1753	Herb	1	Fringed acalypha	Seemaimaeni
			2		Sippi maeni
			3
2.	Acalypha fruticosa
	L. 1753	Undershrub	1	Birch leaved acalypha	Sinni
			2	Birch leaved cat tail	Sirusinni
					Soththa sedi
					Aththaathaazhai
					Seeththaathaazhai
3.	Acalypha hispida
	L. 1753	Shrub	1	Cat’s tail	Senille sedi
			2	Foxtail	Sivappu poonai vaal
			3	Red hot cat tail
			4	Red hot poker
			5	Chenille plant
			6	Philippines medusa
4.	Acalypha indica
	L. 1753	Herb	1	Indian acalypha	Kuppaimaeni
			2	Indian mercury	Poonai vanangi
			3	Indian copper-leaf	Poonai mayakki
			4	Indian nettle	Haritamanjari
			5	Three-seeded mercury
5.	Acalypha wilkesiana
	L. 1753	Shrub	1	Copperleaf	Seemai kuppaimaeni
			2	Jacob's coat
5.1.	‘Barlovento’
5.2.	‘Beyond paradise’
5.3.	‘Blaze’
5.4.	‘Ceylon’
5.5.	‘Dwarf’
5.6.	‘Firedragon’
5.7.	‘Firestorm’
5.8.	‘Godseffiana’
5.9.	‘Heterophylla’
5.10.	‘Infrno’
5.11.	‘Java’
5.12.	‘Kilauea’
5.13.	‘Macrophylla’
5.14.	‘Marginata’
5.15.	‘Mosaic’  / Moore
5.16.	‘Obovata’
5.17.	‘Raggedy Ann’
5.18.	‘Sizzle Scissor’
5.19.	‘Tiki Jungle Cloak (Tahiti)’
5.20.	‘Tricolor’
6.	Unidentified-1
		Herb	1	---	Narimaeni
7.	Unidentified-2
		Undershrub	1	---	---

References:

1.                  C. Linn., Sp. Pl., 1753, 2, 1003.

2.                  Acalypha indica (PROTA)

3.                  Acalypha indica – Wikipedia

4.                  N.S. Zahidin, S. Saidin, R.M. Zulkifli, I.I. Muhamad, H. Ya'akob, H. Nur, J. Ethnopharmocol., 2017, 207, 146-174.

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