Monday, August 26, 2019

1. Abutilon indicum (or) Indian Abutilon:


Author:
Dr. P. Yowan Jeba Raj, M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D.
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3. Abutilon indicum (or) Indian Abutilon:
It is a species of plant in Abutilon genus (which having 220 species) in Malvaceae family.
1.1. Plant Photo Pose(s):

1.2. Brows pages on:
          (1).       Systematic & common name(s)
          (2).       Local types of the plant
          (3).       Scientific classification
          (4).       Plant photo-gallery
          (5).       Plant description(s) & morphological form(s)
          (6).       Chromosome number
          (7).       Phyto-chemistry
          (8).       Traditional applications
          (9).       Medicinal applications
          (10).     List of species
1.2.1. Systematic & Common Name(s)
Indian abutilon
Abutilon indicum
(L.), Sweet
1826
Binomial name

Common name(s)
Tamil name(s)
(in English)
Abutilon indicum
1
Indian abutilon
Jj;jp
Thuthii
(Synonyms Link)
2
Indian mallow
gzpahuj;Jj;jp
Paniyarathuthi
1.2.2. Local Types of the Plant:
Sl. No.
Local types
Botanical name

Othernames
(in English)
1.







Abutilon hirtum
1





2


2.







Abutilon indicum
1





2





3


3.



(in English)
(meaning)


Abutilon pannosum
1


4.







Abutilon persicum



5.







Abutilon theophrasti



1.2.3. Scientific Classification:

Indian abutilon
Abutilon indicum
(L.), Sweet
1826
Sl. No.
Categories

Sub-categories
1.
Empire (or Domain):
Eukaryote

Sub-empire (or Sub-domain):
---
2.
Kingdom:
Plantae

Sub-kingdom:
---
3.
Division (or Phylum):
Tracheophyta

Sub-division (or Sub-phylum):
---
4.
Class:
Magnoliopsida

Sub-class:
Dilleniidae
5.
Order:
Malvales

Sub-order:
---
6.
Family:
Malvaceae

Sub-family:
Malvoideae
*
Tribe:
Malveae

Sub-tribe:
---
7.
Genus:
Abutilon

Sub-genus:
---
*
Section:
---

Sub-section:
---
8.
Species:
indicum

Sub-species:
---
*
Binomial name:
Abutilon indicum
1.2.4. Plant Photo-gallery:








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1.2.5. Plant Description(s) & Morphological Form(s):
Abutilon indicum is an erect, perennialal, undershrub type plant. It has single leaves with large petiolate. It is grown with tap root and the leaves are appeared as white-faded green, green colour with base-cardated, margin, ovate or orbiculare shape, crenate-serrate margin and acute or acuminate apex.
Sl. No.
Specifications

Ref.

Plant

1
1.
Plant type
Undershrub (or) Shrub
1
2.
Edibility
Edible

3.
Growth habit
Erect
1
4.
Branching
Highly branched

5.
Life time
Perennial
1
6.
Plant height
0.5 m  - 1.5 m (minimum: 15 cm – 20 cm)
1
7.
Plant broad
0.5 m - 1 m
1

Root

1
6.
Root - type
Taproot
1
7.
Root - secondary
Available
1

Stem(s)
Woody
1
8.
Stem – type
Cylinderical
1
9.
Stem – color
White-faded green→white-faded brown
1

Leaves
---
1
10.
Petiole – length
2 – 6 cm

11.
Petiole – type
Alone

12.
Leaf – height
4-20 cm
1
13.
Leaf – broad
3-12 cm
1
14.
Leaf – type
Single
1
15.
Leaf – color
Whitish green, green or pale green colour
1
16.
Leaf – arrangement
Spiral
1
17.
Leaf – shape
Ovate to Orbicular shape
1
18.
Leaf – base
Cardate base
1
19.
Leaf – margin
Crenate-dendate margin
1
20.
Leaf – apex
Acute or acuminate apex
1

Flowers

1
21.
Flower – sexuality
Bi-sexual
1
22.
Flower – buds position
Axial
1
23.
Flower –size
3 - 6 cm
1
24.
Flower – shape

1
25.
Flower – color
Orange, Yellow, Sandal or (Red+Orange)
1
26.
Flowers – in punch
Single
1

Fruits

1
27.
Fruit – size
3 cm x 3.5 cm
1
28.
Fruit – shape
Circularly arranged (15 to 21) packets (15, 17, 19 or 21)
1
29.
Fruit – dimension

1
30.
Immatured unripe-fruits
--- (pale green)
1
31.
Matured unripe-fruits
--- (green)
1
32.
Ripe-fruits
--- (brown)
1
33.
Dried ripe-fruits
--- (black)
1

Seeds

1
34.
Seeds per fruit
45-63 seeds
1
35.
Seed – color
Flesh color or Brown color
1
36.
Seed – size
1 cm x 1.5 cm
1
37.
Seed – shape
Disk shaped
1
1.2.6. Chromosome number:
The chromosome number for Abutilon indicum is observed is as follows:
Binomial name
Chromosome number
2n
n
x
Abutilon indicum
42,
16, 36, 72, 84
21,
8, 18, 36, 42
21
1.2.7. Phyto-chemistry (or Phyto-chemical Compounds):
Some of the phytochemical constituents of Indian abutilon (i.e., Abutilon indicum) are:
Sl. No.
Specifications
Entry
1.




1.1.
Abutilin A
1

1.2.
(R)-N-(1'methoxycarbonyl-2'-phenylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide
2
2.

Alkalaoids (3 Numbers)


2.1.

3

2.2.

4

2.3.

5
3.

Amides (2 Numbers)


3.1.
Aurantiamide acetate
6

3.2.

7
4.

Coumarins (3 Numbers)


4.1.
Methyl coumarate
8

4.2.
trans-p-Coumarinic acid
9

4.3.
Scopoletin
10

4.4.
Scoparon


4.5.
3,7-Dihydroxychromen-2-one

5.

Benzenoids (12 Numbers)


5.1.
Benzoic acid
11

5.2.
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
12

5.3.
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
13

5.4.
4-Hydroxyacetophenone
14

5.5.
Vanillin
15

5.6.
Vanillinic acid
16

5.7.
Syringaldehyde
17

5.8.
Methyl indole-3-carboxylate
18

5.9.
Methylparaben
19

5.10.
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-trans-cinnamic acid methyl ester


5.11.
Methyl 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate
20



21
6.

Ionones (2 Numbers)
22

6.1.
3-Hydroxy-β-damascone


6.2.
3-Hydroxy-β-ionol
23
7.

Nucleosids (4 Numbers)
24

7.1.
Thymine


7.2.
Adenine
25

7.1.
Adenosine
26

7.2.
N-Feruloyltyrosine
27
8.

Steroids (2 Numbers)


8.1.
β-Sitosterol
28

8.2.
Stigmasterol
29
9.

Vitamines


9.1.
Riboflavin
30
10.

β-carboline


10.1.
1-Lycoperodine
31

10.2.
1-Methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline
32
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1.2.8. Traditional Applications:
1. The roots and leaves are used for curing fever.
2. The whole plant have the medicinal property.
3. Various parts of the plant; viz., roots, stems, barks, leaves, flowers and seeds were have medicinal properties.
4. The crushed leaves, leave infusion, rrot decoction were used for curing various skin diseases.
5. The plant is employed as the Siddha medicine.
6. The plant is also eaten as a green vegetable.
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1.2.9. Medicinal Applications:
It is used as:
1.      analgesic,
2.      anthelmintic,
3.      anti-diabetic,
4.      anti-inflammatory,
5.      aphrodisiac,
6.      astringent,
7.      demulcent,
8.      diuretic,
9.      expectorant,
10.  laxative,
11.  and sedative agents.
12.  It is also useful to treat gonorrhea, lebrosy, liver disorder, lumbago, and ulcers.
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1.2.10. List of Species:
Sl. No.
Local types
Habit

Common name(s)
Tamil name(s)
1.
Abutilon hirtum





L. 1753
Herb
1
---
---



2


2.
Abutilon indicum





L. 1753
Undershrub
1
---
---



2




















3.
Abutilon pannosum





L. 1753
Shrub
1
---
---



2





3





4





5





6


4.
Abutilon persicum





L. 1753
Herb
1
---
---



2





3





4





5


5.
Abutilon pictum





L. 1753
Shrub
1
---
---



2


6.
Abutilon ramosum






Herb
1
---
---
7.
Abutilon ranadei






Undershrub
1
---
---
8.
Abutilon theophrasti






Undershrub
1
---
---
References:
1.         Sweet, Hort. Brit., 1826, 1, 54.
2.         A. Gill, R. Kaur, Cytologia, 2016, 81(4), 379-382.
3.         Abutilon indicum – Wikipedia
4.         P.-C. Kuo, M.-L. Yang, P.-L. Wu, H.-N. Shih, T.N. Thang, N.X. Dung, T.-S. Wu, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2008, 10(7), 689-693.

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